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Technical Documentation, State of the Ecosystem Report

50 Catch and Fleet Diversity

Description: Permit-level species diversity and Council-level fleet diversity.

Found in: State of the Ecosystem - Gulf of Maine & Georges Bank (2018+), State of the Ecosystem - Mid-Atlantic (2018+)

Indicator category: Database pull with analysis; Published methods

Contributor(s): Geret DePiper, Min-Yang Lee

Data steward: Geret DePiper,

Point of contact: Geret DePiper,

Public availability statement: Source data is not publicly availabe due to PII restrictions. Derived time series are available for download here.

50.1 Methods

Diversity estimates have been developed to understand whether specialization, or alternatively stovepiping, is occurring in fisheries of the Northeastern Large Marine Ecosystem. We use the average effective Shannon indices for species revenue at the permit level, for all permits landing any amount of NEFMC or MAFMC Fishery Management Plan (FMP) species within a year (including both Monkfish and Spiny Dogfish). We also use the effective Shannon index of fleet revenue diversity and count of active fleets to assess the extent to which the distribution of fishing changes across fleet segments.

50.1.1 Data sources

Data for these diversity estimates comes from a variety of sources, including the Commercial Fishery Dealer Database, Vessel Trip Reports, Clam logbooks, vessel characteristics from Permit database, WPU series producer price index. These data are typically not available to the public.

50.1.2 Data extraction

The following describes both the permit-level species and fleet diversity data generation. Price data was extracted from the Commercial Fishery Dealer database (CFDERS) and linked to Vessel Trip Reports by a heirarchical matching algorithm that matched date and port of landing at its highest resolution. Code used in these analyses is available upon request.

Output data was then matched to vessel characteristics from the VPS VESSEL data set. For the permit-level estimate, species groups are based off of a slightly refined NESPP3 code (Table 50.1), defined in the data as “myspp”, which is further developed in the script to rectify inconsistencies in the data.

Table 50.1: Table 50.2: Species grouping
Group NESPP3 Common Name Scientific Name
Highly Migratory Species 470 ALBACORE THUNNUS ALALUNGA
494 ATLANTIC SHARPNOSE SHARK RHIZOPRIONODON TERRAENOVAE
354 BIGEYE THRESHER SHARK ALOPIAS SUPERCILIOSUS
469 BIGEYE TUNA THUNNUS OBESUS
487 BLACKTIP SHARK CARCHARHINUS LIMBATUS
493 BLUE SHARK PRIONACE GLAUCA
467 BLUEFIN TUNA THUNNUS THYNNUS
468 LITTLE TUNNY EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS
358 LONGFIN MAKO ISURUS PAUCUS
481 PORBEAGLE SHARK LAMNA NASUS
349 SAND TIGER CARCHARIAS TAURUS
482 SANDBAR SHARK CARCHARHINUS PLUMBEUS
359 SHARK,UNC CHONDRICHTHYES
355 SHORTFIN MAKO ISURUS OXYRINCHUS
466 SKIPJACK TUNA KATSUWONUS PELAMIS
432 SWORDFISH XIPHIAS GLADIUS
353 THRESHER SHARK ALOPIAS VULPINUS
491 TIGER SHARK GALEOCERDO CUVIER
471 YELLOWFIN TUNA THUNNUS ALBACARES
Monkfish in Mid-Atlantic Waters 11 GOOSEFISH LOPHIUS AMERICANUS
12 GOOSEFISH LOPHIUS AMERICANUS
Atlantic Scallops 800 SEA SCALLOP PLACOPECTEN MAGELLANICUS
Shrimp 737 MANTIS SHRIMP UNCL STOMATOPODA
737 MANTIS SHRIMPS STOMATOPODA
736 NORTHERN SHRIMP PANDALUS BOREALIS
738 SHRIMP,ATLANTIC & GULF,BROWN PANAEIDAE
735 SHRIMP,UNC (CARIDEA) CARIDEA
Skates 368 BARNDOOR SKATE DIPTURUS LAEVIS
372 CLEARNOSE SKATE RAJA EGLANTERIA
366 LITTLE SKATE LEUCORAJA ERINACEA
365 OCELLATE SKATES RAJA
365 SKATES RAJIDAE
373 SKATES,LITTLE/WINTER MIXED LEUCORAJA
369 SMOOTH SKATE MALACORAJA SENTA
370 THORNY SKATE AMBLYRAJA RADIATA
367 WINTER SKATE LEUCORAJA OCELLATA
Herring 168 ATLANTIC HERRING CLUPEA HARENGUS
Ocean Quahog 754 OCEAN QUAHOG ARCTICA ISLANDICA
Surf Clam 769 ATLANTIC SURFCLAM SPISULA SOLIDISSIMA
Tilefish 444 BLUELINE TILEFISH CAULOLATILUS MICROPS
445 SAND TILEFISH MALACANTHUS PLUMIERI
446 TILEFISH LOPHOLATILUS CHAMAELEONTICEPS
447 TILEFISH,UNC MALACANTHIDAE
Fluke & Black Seabass 335 BLACK SEA BASS CENTROPRISTIS STRIATA
121 SUMMER FLOUNDER PARALICHTHYS DENTATUS
Butterfish & Hake 51 BUTTERFISH PEPRILUS TRIACANTHUS
152 RED HAKE UROPHYCIS CHUSS
509 SILVER HAKE MERLUCCIUS BILINEARIS
Bluefish in Mid-Atlantic Waters 23 BLUEFISH POMATOMUS SALTATRIX
Spiny Dogfish 352 SPINY DOGFISH SQUALUS ACANTHIAS
Northern Shortfin Squid 802 NORTHERN SHORTFIN SQUID ILLEX ILLECEBROSUS
American Lobster 727 AMERICAN LOBSTER HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Longfin Squid 801 LONGFIN SQUID LOLIGO PEALEII
Menhaden 221 MENHADEN BREVOORTIA
Offshore Hake 508 OFFSHORE HAKE MERLUCCIUS ALBIDUS
Scup in Mid-Atlantic Waters 329 SCUP STENOTOMUS CHRYSOPS
Windowpane Flounder in New England Waters 125 WINDOWPANE SCOPHTHALMUS AQUOSUS
Ocean Pout in New England Waters 250 OCEAN POUT ZOARCES AMERICANUS
Wolffish 512 ATLANTIC WOLFFISH ANARHICHAS LUPUS
Winter Flounder in Mid-Atlantic Waters 120 WINTER FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS
Yellowtail Flounder in Mid-Atlantic Waters 123 YELLOWTAIL FLOUNDER LIMANDA FERRUGINEA
Unclassified Hake 155 Unclassified Hake
White Hake in Mid-Atlantic Waters 153 WHITE HAKE UROPHYCIS TENUIS
Bluefish & Scup in New England Waters 23 BLUEFISH POMATOMUS SALTATRIX
329 SCUP STENOTOMUS CHRYSOPS
Halibut in New England Waters 159 ATLANTIC HALIBUT HIPPOGLOSSUS HIPPOGLOSSUS
Groundfish in New England Waters 240 ACADIAN REDFISH SEBASTES FASCIATUS
124 AMERICAN PLAICE HIPPOGLOSSOIDES PLATESSOIDES
81 ATLANTIC COD GADUS MORHUA
11 GOOSEFISH LOPHIUS AMERICANUS
12 GOOSEFISH LOPHIUS AMERICANUS
147 HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS AEGLEFINUS
269 POLLOCK POLLACHIUS VIRENS
153 WHITE HAKE UROPHYCIS TENUIS
120 WINTER FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS
122 WITCH FLOUNDER GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNOGLOSSUS
123 YELLOWTAIL FLOUNDER LIMANDA FERRUGINEA
Groundfish in Mid-Atlantic Waters 240 ACADIAN REDFISH SEBASTES FASCIATUS
124 AMERICAN PLAICE HIPPOGLOSSOIDES PLATESSOIDES
81 ATLANTIC COD GADUS MORHUA
159 ATLANTIC HALIBUT HIPPOGLOSSUS HIPPOGLOSSUS
512 ATLANTIC WOLFFISH ANARHICHAS LUPUS
147 HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS AEGLEFINUS
269 POLLOCK POLLACHIUS VIRENS
122 WITCH FLOUNDER GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNOGLOSSUS
155 Unclassified Hake
Windowpane Flounder & Ocean Pout in Mid-Atlantic Waters 250 OCEAN POUT ZOARCES AMERICANUS
125 WINDOWPANE SCOPHTHALMUS AQUOSUS

For the fleet diversity metric, gears include scallop dredge (gearcodes DRS, DSC, DTC, and DTS), other dredges (gearcodes DRM, DRO, and DRU), gillnet (gearcodes GND, GNT, GNO, GNR, and GNS), hand (gearcode HND), longline (gearcodes LLB and LLP), bottom trawl (gearcodes OTB, OTF, OTO, OTC. OTS, OHS, OTR, OTT, and PTB), midwater trawls (gearcode OTM and PTM), pot (gearcodes PTL, PTW, PTC, PTE, PTF, PTH, PTL, PTO, PTS, and PTX), purse seine (gearcode PUR), and hydraulic clam dredge (gearcode DRC).Vessels were further grouped by length categories of less than 30 feet, 30 to 50 feet, 50 to 75 feet, and 75 feet and above. All revenue was deflated to real dollars using the “WPU0223” Producer Price Index with a base of January 2015. Stata code for data processing is available here.

50.1.3 Data analysis

This permit-level species effective Shannon index is calculated as \[exp(-\sum_{i=1}^{N}p_{ijt}ln(p_{ijt}))\] for all \(j\), with \(p_{ijt}\) representing the proportion of revenue generated by species or species group \(i\) for permit \(j\) in year \(t\), and is a composite of richness (the number of species landed) and abundance (the revenue generated from each species). The annual arithmetic mean value of the effective Shannon index across permits is used as the indicator of permit-level species diversity.

In a similar manner, the fleet diversity metric is estimated as \[exp(-\sum_{i=1}^{N}p_{kt}ln(p_{kt})) \] for all \(k\), where \(p_{kt}\) represents the proportion of total revenue generated by fleet segment \(k\) (gear and length combination) per year \(t\). The indices each run from 1996 to 2017. A count of the number of fleets active in every year is also provided to assess whether changes in fleet diversity are caused by shifts in abundance (number of fleets), or evenness (concentration of revenue). The work is based off of analysis conducted in Thunberg and Correia (2015) and published in Gaichas et al. (2016).

50.1.4 Data processing

Catch and fleet diversity indicators were formatted for inclusion in the ecodata R package using the R script found here.

catalog link https://noaa-edab.github.io/catalog/commercial_div.html

References

Gaichas, Sarah K., Richard J. Seagraves, Jessica M. Coakley, Geret S. DePiper, Vincent G. Guida, Jonathan A. Hare, Paul J. Rago, and Michael J. Wilberg. 2016. “A Framework for Incorporating Species, Fleet, Habitat, and Climate Interactions into Fishery Management.” Frontiers in Marine Science 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00105.
Thunberg, Eric M., and Steven J. Correia. 2015. “Measures of Fishing Fleet Diversity in the New England Groundfish Fishery.” Marine Policy 58 (2015): 6–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.005.