7 Glossary

Apex Predator: Predators with no natural predators of their own, such as large sharks, toothed whales, seals, tunas, and billfish.

Benthivore: Predator feeding on bottom-dwelling prey, such as lobster and haddock.

Benthos: Organisms that live on or in the sea bottom (Madden and Grossman 2004), such as scallop and quahog.

Bmsy: The weight (biomass) of a group of fish necessary to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) (Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Glossary, n.d.).

Catch: The total number (or weight) of fish caught by fishing operations. The component of fish that comes into contact with fishing gear, which is retained by the gear (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Climate Vulnerability: The degree to which the habitat/species are unable to cope with negative impacts of climate change.

Climatology: Average conditions over a specific time period.

Cold Pool: Area of relatively cold bottom water that forms on the US northeast shelf in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.

Commercial Fishery: Large-scale industry selling fish, shellfish and other aquatic animals.

Community Engagement: A mathematical measure of how engaged a community is in commercial fisheries. This index includes the amount of landings, dealers and permits.

Conceptual Model: A representation of the most current understanding of the major system features and processes of a particular environment (Madden and Grossman 2004).

Condition: A mathematical measurement of the “plumpness,” or the general health of a fish or group of fishes (W. H. Wallace Richard K and Szedlmayer 1994).

Continental Shelf: Underwater portion (shelf) of the continent, extending seaward from the shore to the edge of the continental slope where the depth increases rapidly (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Continental Slope: Part of the continental margin; the ocean floor from the continental shelf to the continental rise (Madden and Grossman 2004).

Ecological Production Unit (EPU): A specific geographic region of similar physical features and plankton characteristics supporting an ecological community within a large marine ecosystem (LME).

Ecosystem Assessment: A social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-being, and management and policy options are presented to decision makers (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Ecosystem Reorganization: Regime shifts and changes in how the multiple system drivers interact can result in ecosystem reorganization as species and humans respond and adapt to the new environment.

Effort: The amount of time and fishing power used to harvest fish; includes gear size, boat size, and horsepower (W. H. Wallace Richard K and Szedlmayer 1994).

Elasmobranch: Describes a group of fish without a hard bony skeleton, including sharks, skates, and rays (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Endangered Species: A species as defined in the US Endangered Species Act, that is in danger of extinction through a significant portion of its range (United States and Administration 2005).

Energy Density: A measurement of the amount of energy (calories) contained in a certain amount of food or prey organism.

Estuary: Coastal body of brackish water which may be an important nursery habitat for many species of interest.

Estuarine: Conditions found in an estuary: shallow water, high variability in water temperature, salt content, nutrients, and oxygen level.

Eutrophication: The enrichment of water by nutrients causing increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life creating an imbalance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water they live in (Lemley and Adams 2019).

Exclusive Economic Zone: The EEZ is the area that extends from the seaward boundaries of the coastal states 3 to 200 nautical miles off the U.S. coast. Within this area, the United States claims exclusive fishery management authority over all fishery resources (Service 2004).

Feeding Guild: A group of species consuming similar prey species; for example, planktivores are different species that all eat plankton.

Fishery: The combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar or the same species with similar or the same gear types (Madden and Grossman 2004).

Fishery-Dependent Data: Data collected directly on a fish or fishery from commercial or sport fishermen and seafood dealers. Common methods include logbooks, trip tickets, port sampling, fishery observers, and phone surveys (W. H. Wallace Richard K and Szedlmayer 1994).

Fishery-Independent Data: Stock/habitat/environmental data collected independently of the activity of the fishing sector usually on a research vessel (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Fmsy: The rate of removal of fish from a population by fishing that, if applied constantly, would result in maximum sustainable yield (MSY) (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Forage Species: Species used as prey by a larger predator for its food. Includes small schooling fishes such as anchovies, sardines, herrings, capelin, smelts, and menhaden (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

GB: George’s Bank Ecological Production Unit (Technical Documentation: State of the Ecosystem, n.d.).

GOM: Gulf of Maine Ecological Production Unit (Technical Documentation: State of the Ecosystem, n.d.).

Groundfish: Group of commercially harvested ocean bottom-oriented fish in cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere including cods, flounders, and other associated species. The exact species list varies regionally.

Gulf Stream: A warm ocean current flowing northward along the eastern United States.

Habitat: 1. The environment in which the fish live, including everything that surrounds and affects its life, e.g. water quality, bottom, vegetation, associated species (including food supplies); 2. The site and particular type of local environment occupied by an organism (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Harvest: The total number or weight of fish caught and kept from an area over a period of time (W. H. Wallace Richard K and Szedlmayer 1994).

Highly Migratory Species: Marine species whose life cycle includes lengthy migrations, usually through the exclusive economic zones of two or more countries as well as into international waters. This term usually is used to denote tuna and tuna-like species, sharks, swordfish, and billfish (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Ichthyoplankton: Fish eggs and larvae belonging to the planktonic community (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Indicator: 1. A variable, pointer, or index. Its fluctuation reveals the variations in key elements of a system. The position and trend of the indicator in relation to reference points or values indicate the present state and dynamics of the system. Indicators provide a bridge between objectives and action (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Landings: 1. The number or weight of fish unloaded by commercial fishermen or brought to shore by recreational fishermen for personal use. Landings are reported at the locations at which fish are brought to shore (W. H. Wallace Richard K and Szedlmayer 1994).

Large Marine Ecosystem (LME): A geographic area of an ocean that has distinct physical and oceanographic characteristics, productivity, and trophically dependent populations (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

MAB: Mid-Atlantic Bight Ecological Production Unit (Technical Documentation: State of the Ecosystem, n.d.).

Marine Heatwave: Period of five or more days where sea surface temperature is warmer than 90% of all previously measured temperatures based on a 30-year historical baseline period (Hobday et al. 2016).

Marine Mammals: Warm-blooded animals that live in marine waters and breathe air directly. These include porpoises, dolphins, whales, seals, and sea lions (R. K. Wallace and Fletcher 2000).

Mortality Event: The death of one or more individuals of a species.

Multiple System Drivers: Societal, biological, physical and chemical factors comprise the multiple system drivers that influence marine ecosystems through a variety of different pathways. These drivers affect fishery management objectives such as seafood production and recreational opportunities, as well as other ecosystem services we derive from the ocean.

Northeast Shelf: The Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (NES LME). The region spans from Cape Hatteras, NC to Nova Scotia and includes the waters between the eastern coastline of the U.S and the continental shelf break.

Ocean Acidification (OA): Global-scale changes in ocean marine carbonate chemistry driven by ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Human-induced ocean acidification specifically refers to the significant present shifts in the marine carbonate system that are a direct result of the exponential increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations associated with human activities like fossil fuel use (Jewett et al. 2020).

Overfished: When a stock’s biomass is below the point at which stock can produce sustainable yield. The term is used when biomass has been estimated to be below a limit biological reference point: in the US when biomass is less than ½ of Bmsy (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Overfishing: Whenever a stock is subjected to a fishing morality greater than the fishing mortality that produces maximum sustainable yield (MSY) on a continuing basis (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Phytoplankton: Microscopic single-celled, free-floating algae (plants) that take up carbon dioxide and use nutrients and sunlight to produce biomass and form the base of the food web (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Piscivore: Predator whose diet primarily consists of fish and squid, such as cod and striped bass.

Planktivore: Predator whose diet primarily consists of plankton, such as herring and mackerel.

Primary Production: The amount of energy produced by the assimilation and fixation of inorganic carbon and other nutrients by autotrophs (plants and certain bacteria) (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Primary Production Required: Indicator expressing the total amount of fish removed from an area as a fraction of the total primary production in the area (D. Pauly and Christensen 1995a).

Primary Productivity: The rate at which food energy is generated, or fixed, by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Probability of Occupancy: The modelled chance of a species being likely to occur in a specific area.

Productivity: Relates to the birth, growth and death rates of a stock. A highly productive stock is characterized by high birth, growth, and mortality rates, and as a consequence, a high turnover and production to biomass ratios (P/B) (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Recreational Fishery: Fishing for fun or competition instead of profit like a commercial fishery. Includes for-hire charter and party boats, private boats, and shore-based fishing activities.

Recruitment: The number of young fish entering the population each year at the age first caught in fishing/survey gear.

Regime Shift: Large, abrupt and persistent change in the structure and function of an ecosystem.

Revenue: The dollar value commercial fishermen receive for selling landed fish.

Salinity: The total mass of salts dissolved in seawater per unit of water; generally expressed in parts per thousands (ppt) or practical salinity units (psu) (Madden and Grossman 2004).

Satellite Imagery: Imagery of the ocean surface gathered by earth-orbiting satellites (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Slopewater Proportion: The proportion of deep water entering the Gulf of Maine through the Northeast channel from two main water sources. The Labrador slope water is colder water moving south from Canada and Warm slope water is warmer water moving north from the southern U.S. (Technical Documentation: State of the Ecosystem, n.d.).

Socio-Economic: The combination or interaction of social and economic factors and involves topics such as distributional issues, labor market structure, social and opportunity costs, community dynamics, and decision-making processes (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

SS: Scotian Shelf Ecological Production Unit (Technical Documentation: State of the Ecosystem, n.d.).

Stock: A part of a fish population usually with a particular migration pattern, specific spawning grounds, and subject to a distinct fishery. Total stock refers to both juveniles and adults, either in numbers or by weight (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Trophic Level: Position in the food chain determined by the number of energy-transfer steps to that level. Primary producers constitute the lowest level, followed by zooplankton, etc. (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Fisheries Glossary, n.d.).

Warm Core Ring: A clockwise turning eddy of cold water surrounding warm water in the center that breaks away from the Gulf Stream as it meanders.

Water Quality: The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose (United States and Administration 2005).

Zooplankton: Plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals, ranging from microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish.

Figure 7.1: Map of Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem from J. Hare et al. (2016).